Tổng Hợp Lý Thuyết Hoá Hữu Cơ Phần Hiđrocacbon Đầy Đủ Nhất

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The organic chemistry section is always the most difficult part for them to understand and remember the knowledge. Therefore, Kien Guru has compiled the most comprehensive and memorable synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry about hydrocarbons to support them.

I. General Theory of Organic Chemistry: General Organic Chemistry

1. Characteristics, classification:

– Definition: Organic compounds are compounds of carbon except simple compounds such as CO, CO2, carbonate salts, cyanide compounds.

– Characteristics:

+ There must be carbon, usually hydrogen, often oxygen and nitrogen, then halogens, sulfur, phosphorus …

The main chemical bond is covalent.

+ Volatile, less heat stable, more flammable than inorganic compounds.

+ The reactions are usually slow and incomplete, not in a certain direction.

+ The number of organic compounds is about 10 million substances, compared to inorganic substances, there are only about 100,000 substances.

– Classification:

+ Hydrocarbon: saturated hydrocarbon (only single bond)

unsaturated hydrocarbons (with both single bonds and double and triple bonds)

aromatic hydrocarbons (with a benzene ring in the molecule).

+ Hydrocarbon derivatives: alcohols, phenols, ethers

halogen derivatives

aldehydes – ketones

acids, esters, etc.

Elemental composition and molecular formula:

+ General formula (CTTQ): indicates the qualitative composition of the elements.

For example, CxHyOz indicates that the organic substance contains three elements C, H and O.

+ The simplest formula (CTDGN): shows the ratio of the number of atoms in a molecule.

For example, CH2O means that in a molecule, the ratio C : H : O = 1: 2 :1.

+ Molecular Formula (CTPT): shows the number of atoms of each element in the molecule.

For example: With the CPR is CH2O, the CTPT is (CH2O)n when n = 2 we have C2H4O2.

To determine the molecular formula, it is necessary to know the composition of the element and its molar mass.

– Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the elements:

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

Determination of molar mass:

+ Based on the density to air or to H2:

MA = 29.dA/KK or MA = 2.dA/H2

+ Substances that are difficult, or non-volatile: determined by cold or boiling method.

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2. Molecular structure of organic compounds

– Structural formula:

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

Theory of chemical structure:

In organic molecules, the atoms are bonded to each other according to the correct valence and in a certain order. That bond order is called the chemical conformation.

That change in the bond order will create a new substance.

+ In organic molecules, carbon has a valence of 4. Carbon atoms combine with atoms of other elements and combine directly to form different carbon chains (straight, branched or ring chains) .

The properties of substances depend on their molecular composition (the nature and number of atoms) and their chemical structure (the bond order of the atoms).

3. Homology and isomerism

– Homologous: substances with similar chemical properties but less than one or more -CH2 groups.

For example, methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8 are homologues of each other.

Isomers: Substances with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures.

For example: The same formula is C2H6O, there are 2 structural formulas:

CH3 – CH2 – OH (ethyl alcohol) and CH3 – O – CH3 (dimethyl ether).

4. Chemical bonding in organic compounds

Organic substances can have single, double or triple bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds between a mobile hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom. This type of bond greatly affects the solubility in water, the boiling point, the melting point of many substances.

5. Organic chemistry reaction:

II. General Theory of Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of two elements, carbon and hydrogen.

1. Alkanes:

– Alkane homologous series (paraffin): General formula: CnH2n + 2 (n ≥ 1).

For example: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, ….

– Isomers: only C chain isomers (straight chain, branch chain).

How to write isomers:

Write a straight C circuit. We get 1 straight-chain isomer.

+ Reduce 1 C as a branch, consider the symmetry to attach C to the branch. When the number of C as the branch is equal to the number of C the main circuit stops.

+ Fill in H to get complete isomer.

– Quick formula: 3 < n < 7

– Call name:

+ Select main circuit: is the longest circuit, the most branches.

+ Numbering: from the C side closest to the branch.

+ Name: Branch position number – Branch name + Main circuit name + an.

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

– Physical properties:

Lighter than water, almost insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.

+ C1 → C4 is gas, the next alkanes are liquid, C18 onwards are solid.

– Features: Only includes single links.

– Chemical properties:

The characteristic reaction of alkanes is substitution.

The C atom in the alkane is replaced by the halogen element when illuminated or heated and preferentially substitutes for H at the higher C.

+ Separation reaction: Under suitable temperature and catalysis, alkanes with small molecular mass are separated into corresponding alkenes.

Combustion reaction:

+ In industry: fractional distillation of petroleum, we get alkanes.

– Application:

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

2. Alkenes:

– Homologous series of alkenes (olefins): General formula CnH2n (n ≥ 2).

– Isomer: Alkenes have structural isomers (C-chain and double bond positions) and geometric isomers.

Structural isomers:

How to write isomer: Write a straight C circuit. Consider the symmetry to place the double bond. We get straight-chain isomers.

Reduce 1 C as branch, consider symmetry to attach C branch and double join, check the valency of C. When the number of C branching is equal to the number of C main chain, stop.

Fill in H for the complete isomer.

When the two substituents of the C atom carrying the double bond are different, geometric isomers appear. If the substituents ( -CH3, -C2H5, -Cl, …) have larger molecular mass on the same side of the double bond, it will be the cis form, the other side will be the trans form.

– Nomenclature:

+ Select main circuit: is the longest circuit, contains double bonds, the most branches.

+ Numbering: from the side closest to the double connection.

+ Name: Branch position number – Branch name + Main circuit name – Double junction number – en.

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

– Structure characteristics: The molecule has one double bond, in which there is a π bond and a σ bond.

– Physical properties:

Lighter than water, insoluble in water.

+ C2 → C4 is gas, C5 onwards is liquid or solid.

+ As M increases, the melting point, boiling point and density increase gradually.

Chemical properties of alkenes:

+ The solid reaction is an addition reaction (because of the weak π bond, which is easily destroyed):

Alkenes plus H2 yield the corresponding alkanes; plus a halogen or a halogen compound produces a halogen derivative; plus water to give the corresponding alcohol.

Macconhicop’s rule: When adding an asymmetric compound HX (HCl, HBr, H2O), H preferentially attaches to the lower C, and X preferentially attaches to the higher C.

Coincidence reaction:

– Modulation:

– Application:

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

Alkadian

Alkaline is an open-chain hydrocarbon with 2 double bonds in the molecule.

– General formula: CnH2n – 2 (n 3)

– Classification: Alkaline has 2 consecutive double bonds, alkadian has 2 double bonds separated by one single bond (conjugated alkaloid, most used), alkadian has 2 double bonds separated by many double bonds….

– Chemical properties: Alkadies have chemical properties similar to alkenes.

4. Ankin:

Alkynes are open-chain hydrocarbons with a triple bond in the molecule.

– General formula: CnH2n – 2 , ( n ≥ 2).

– Isomers: Alkynes have C chain isomers and triple bond position isomers, no geometric isomers.

How to write isomers:

Write a straight C circuit. Consider the symmetry of circuit C to place the triple bond. We get a straight-chain isomer.

+ Reduce 1 C as a branch, consider the symmetry to attach C branch and connect 3, check C valence. When the number of C as a branch is equal to the number of C in the main chain, stop.

+ Fill in H to get complete isomer.

– Nomenclature:

Call name:

+ Select the main circuit: is the longest circuit, containing the three connections, the most branches.

+ Numbering: from the side closest to the triple.

+ Name: Number indicating branch position – Branch name + Main circuit name – number indicating the position of three junctions – in.

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

– Common name:

– Chemical properties: Alkynes participate in addition and polymerization reactions, and alk-1-ins participate in substitution reactions.

– Application:

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

5. Benzene homologous series

– Benzene homologues are aromatic hydrocarbons that contain a benzene ring.

– Fatherland Front: CnH2n-6 (n ≥ 6).

– Formula for isomerization:

– Writing isomers: The benzene homolog has isomers about the position of the alkyl group on the ring and the C-chain structure of the branch.

The benzene ring is the main chain.

+ 6 C positions on the main ring are 6 positions for attaching branches.

+ If the C number of the branch is 3 or more, there will be isomers of the C chain of the branch.

– Name: The name of the alkyl group + benzene.

+ Number the number so that the branch index is minimal.

+ If 2 substituents are in 1,2 position together, we call it ortho- (o-).

+ If two substituents are at the 1,3 position together, we call it meta- (m-).

+ If 2 substituents are at the 1,4 position together, it is called para- (p-).

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

– Structural features: The benzene ring is very stable because there are 3 single bonds interspersed with 3 double bonds.

– Chemical properties:

– Application:

Synthesis of the theory of organic chemistry

Hopefully, with the above synthesis of organic chemistry theory on hydrocarbons, it will help you master organic chemistry and prepare well for the next chapters.

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